In Rust, into_iter(), iter(), and iter_mut() are methods provided by the Iterator trait, and they are used to create iterators over collections. Here’s a breakdown of the differences between them:

1. into_iter()

   • Ownership: Transfers ownership of the original collection to the iterator.

   • Mutability: The original collection cannot be used after calling into_iter() because ownership has been transferred.

   • Example:

     let vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
     let iter = vec.into_iter();
     
     for num in iter {
         // Ownership has been transferred, vec cannot be used here.
         println!("{}", num);
     }

     #[test]
     fn into_iter_demo() {
         let v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
         let mut v1_iter = v1.into_iter();
     
         // into_iter() returns an iterator from a value.
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(1));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(2));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(3));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), None);
     }

2. iter()

   • Ownership: Borrows the elements of the collection immutably.

   • Mutability: The original collection remains accessible for read-only operations.

   • Example:

     let vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
     let iter = vec.iter();
     
     for &num in iter {
         // The original vec is still accessible for read-only operations.
         println!("{}", num);
     }

     #[test]
     fn iter_demo() {
         let v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
         let mut v1_iter = v1.iter();
     
         // iter() returns an iterator of slices.
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(&1));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(&2));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(&3));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), None);
     }

3. iter_mut()

   • Ownership: Borrows the elements of the collection mutably.

   • Mutability: Allows modifying the original collection through mutable references.

   • Example:

     let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
     let iter_mut = vec.iter_mut();
     
     for num in iter_mut {
         // The original vec can be modified through mutable references.
         *num += 1;
     }
     
     println!("{:?}", vec); // Output: [2, 3, 4]

     #[test]
     fn iter_mut_demo() {
         let mut v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
         let mut v1_iter = v1.iter_mut();
     
         // iter_mut() returns an iterator that allows modifying each value.
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(&mut 1));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(&mut 2));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), Some(&mut 3));
         assert_eq!(v1_iter.next(), None);
     }

When to use into_iter, iter and iter_mut?

1. into_iter():

• When Ownership Transfer is Acceptable: Use into_iter() when you are okay with transferring ownership of the original collection to the iterator.

• For Consuming the Collection: If you don’t need the original collection after creating the iterator and plan to consume its elements, into_iter() is a good choice.

1. iter():

   • For Read-Only Access: Use iter() when you need read-only access to the elements of the collection without transferring ownership.

   • When You Need to Keep the Original Collection: If you need the original collection for further use after creating the iterator, iter() is suitable.

2. iter_mut():

   • For Mutable Access: Use iter_mut() when you need mutable access to the elements of the collection, allowing you to modify them.

   • When You Need to Modify the Original Collection: If you need to modify the elements of the original collection, use iter_mut() to obtain mutable references.

Conclusion:

In Rust, the methods into_iter(), iter(), and iter_mut() are used to create iterators over collections. into_iter() transfers ownership of the collection, iter() borrows the elements immutably, and iter_mut() borrows them mutably. These methods are used based on whether ownership transfer, read-only access, or mutable access to the elements is required.